Cómo empezar a aprender chino
Como puedes imaginar, el primer paso para aprender un idioma es conocer su alfabeto. Repasemos el “alfabeto chino”, sonido por sonido:
Por cierto, esta es la guía básica que más me ha ayudado a la hora de empezar a aprender chino por mi cuenta y esta la intermedia 😉
El alfabeto chino no es un alfabeto propiamente dicho. De hecho, el chino está compuesto exclusivamente por caracteres y cada uno de ellos tiene una forma y una pronunciación específicas.
Lo que te muestro aquí no es el alfabeto o los caracteres sino su pronunciación o lo que es lo mismo, el sistema de transcripción fonética de los caracteres, llamado en chino: 拼音 (pīnyīn).
En chino, cada carácter tiene un significado, una pronunciación y un tono asociados.
Los símbolos de pronunciación son lo más aproximados posible, pero te recomiendo que escuches los audios para familiarizarte con los diferentes sonidos. Yo mismo lo he grabado en una pronunciación china (de China) lo más estándar posible y en el tono neutro.
¡Ten en cuenta que en chino hay hasta 5 tonos!
Espero que te sea útil 😊.
| TABLE OF PHONETIC COMBINATIONS | ||||||||||||||
| First consonant / Ending | a | o | e | -i | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang [aŋ] | eng [eŋ] | ong [oŋ] |
| b [p] | ba | bo | – | – | – | bai | bei | bao | – | ban | ben | bang | beng | – |
| p [aspirated] | pa | po | – | – | – | pai | pei | pao | pou | pan | pen | pang | peng | – |
| m | ma | mo | – | – | – | mai | mei | mao | mou | man | men | mang | meng | – |
| f | fa | fo | – | – | – | | fei | – | fou | fan | fen | fang | feng | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| d [t] | da | – | de | – | – | dai | dei | dao | dou | dan | – | dang | deng | dong |
| t [aspirated] | ta | – | te | – | – | tai | – | tao | tou | tan | – | tang | teng | tong |
| n | na | – | ne | – | – | nai | nei | nao | nou | nan | nen | nang | neng | nong |
| l | la | – | le | – | – | lai | lei | lao | lou | lan | – | lang | leng | long |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| z [ts] | za | – | ze | zi | – | zai | zei | zao | zou | zan | zen | zang | zeng | zong |
| c [ts aspirated] | ca | – | ce | ci | – | cai | – | cao | cou | can | cen | cang | ceng | cong |
| s | sa | – | se | si | – | sai | – | sao | sou | san | sen | sang | seng | song |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| zh | zha | – | zhe | zhi | – | zhai | zhei | zhao | zhou | zhan | zhen | zhang | zheng | zhong |
| ch [ʧ aspirated] | cha | – | che | chi | – | chai | – | chao | chou | chan | chen | chang | cheng | chong |
| sh | sha | – | she | shi | – | shai | shei | shao | shou | shan | shen | shang | sheng | – |
| r [softly rolled] | – | – | re | ri | – | – | – | rao | rou | ran | ren | rang | reng | rong |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| j [ʤ] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| q [tch / tʧ] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| x [soft sh] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| g [k] | ga | – | ge | – | – | gai | gei | gao | gou | gan | gen | gang | geng | gong |
| k [aspirated] | ka | – | ke | – | – | kai | kei | kao | kou | kan | ken | kang | keng | kong |
| h [kh] | ha | – | he | – | – | hai | hei | hao | hou | han | hen | hang | heng | hong |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| – | a | o | e | – | er | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | – |
| TABLE OF PHONETIC COMBINATIONS | ||||||||||
| First Consonant / Ending | i | ia | iao | ie | iou | ian | in | iang [iaŋ] | ing [iŋ] | iong [ioŋ] |
| b [p] | bi | – | biao | bie | – | bian | bin | – | bing | – |
| p [aspirated] | pi | – | piao | pie | – | pian | pin | – | ping | – |
| m | mi | – | miao | mie | miu | mian | min | – | ming | – |
| f | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| d [t] | di | – | diao | die | diu | dian | – | – | ding | – |
| t [aspirated] | ti | – | tiao | tie | – | tian | – | – | ting | – |
| n | ni | – | niao | nie | niu | nian | nin | niang | ning | – |
| l | li | lia | liao | lie | liu | lian | lin | liang | ling | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| z [ts] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| c [ts aspirated] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| s | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| zh | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ch [ʧ aspirated] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| sh | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| r [softly rolled] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| j [ʤ] | ji | jia | jiao | jie | jiu | jian | jin | jiang | jing | jiong |
| q [tch / tʧ] | qi | qia | qiao | qie | qiu | qian | qin | qiang | qing | qiong |
| x [soft sh] | xi | xia | xiao | xie | xiu | xian | xin | xiang | xiong | |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| g [k] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| k [aspirated] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| h [kh] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | |
| y [j] | yi | ya | yao | ye | you | yan | yin | yang | ying | yong |
| TABLE OF PHONETIC COMBINATIONS | ||||||||||||||
| First Consonant / Ending | u | ua | uo | uai | uei | uan | uen | uang | ueng | // | ü | üe | üan | ün |
| b [p] | bu | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| p [aspirated] | pu | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| m | mu | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| f | fu | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| d [t] | du | – | duo | – | dui | duan | dun | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| t [aspirated] | tu | – | tuo | – | tui | tuan | tun | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| n | nu | – | nuo | – | – | nuan | | – | – | – | nü | nüe | – | – |
| l | lu | – | luo | – | – | luan | lun | – | – | – | lü | lüe | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| z [ts] | zu | – | zuo | – | zui | zuan | zun | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| c [ts aspirated] | cu | – | cuo | – | cui | cuan | cun | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| s | su | – | suo | – | sui | suan | sun | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| zh | zhu | zhua | zhuo | zhuai | zhui | zhuan | zhun | zhuang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ch [ʧ aspirated] | chu | chua | chuo | chuai | chui | chuan | chun | chuang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| sh | shu | shua | shuo | shuai | shui | shuan | shun | shuang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| r [softly rolled] | ru | rua | ruo | – | rui | ruan | run | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| j [ʤ] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ju | jue | juan | jun |
| q [tch / tʧ] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | qu | que | quan | qun |
| x [soft sh] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | xu | xue | xuan | xun |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| g [k] | gu | gua | guo | guai | gui | guan | gun | guang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| k [aspirated] | ku | kua | kuo | kuai | kui | kuan | kun | kuang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| h [kh] | hu | hua | huo | huai | hui | huan | hun | huang | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ————– | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| w | wu | wa | wo | wai | wei | wan | wen | wang | weng | – | – | – | – | – |
| y [j] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | yu | yue | yuan | yun |
